{"id":5552,"date":"2011-03-03T21:35:39","date_gmt":"2011-03-03T20:35:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/"},"modified":"2026-10-16T12:58:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T11:58:01","slug":"melanoma_epidemiology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/en\/melanoma\/melanoma_epidemiology\/","title":{"rendered":"Melanoma epidemiology"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"im26-diagnosis-guide im26-epidemiology\">\n<nav class=\"im26-dg-toc\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-leggere\">What epidemiology measures<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-italia\">Italy: figures and reference years<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-andamento\">The updated chart: incidence and mortality over time<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-popolazioni\">Incidence by sex and population group: 2019\u20132023<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-eta\">Age, sex and lesion location<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-geografia\">Geography and skin colour<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-esposizione\">Sun exposure, habits and prevention<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-esiti\">Mortality and survival: what has changed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epi-metodo\">How to interpret updates without mixing datasets<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/nav>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-leggere\">\n<h2>What epidemiology measures<\/h2>\n<p>Melanoma epidemiology examines how common the disease is, how it is distributed across populations and how diagnoses, deaths and survival change over time. It informs prevention, research and health services. These numbers describe groups of people; they do not determine what will happen to an individual after diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p>Four measures must be distinguished. <strong>Incidence<\/strong> counts new diagnoses during a period; <strong>mortality<\/strong> counts deaths attributed to the disease; <strong>prevalence<\/strong> counts people living after a diagnosis; and <strong>survival<\/strong> describes the experience of patients followed after diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p>A case count is not a rate. Rates per 100,000 people account for population size, while age-standardised rates reduce the effect of different age structures. Comparisons still require compatible populations, periods and methods. This page concerns melanoma of the skin, rather than combining it with ocular or mucosal melanoma.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-italia\">\n<h2>Italy: figures and reference years<\/h2>\n<p>The melanoma chapter in <em>I numeri del cancro in Italia 2025<\/em> reports an estimated <strong>12,941 new diagnoses in 2024<\/strong>: 7,069 in men and 5,872 in women. Its mortality figures refer to a different year: an estimated 2,500 deaths in 2022, comprising 1,500 men and 1,000 women.<\/p>\n<p>The publication year is therefore not the reference year for every statistic. These counts should not be turned into an age-standardised rate simply by dividing by population size, or compared directly with the US rates presented below.<\/p>\n<p>Regional comparisons within Italy require registry data for the same period and standard population. The previous page described a north\u2013south gradient using much older estimates; it is not presented here as a current ranking. Registration completeness also needs to be assessed through quality indicators. A diagnosis made outside a hospital is not automatically absent from a cancer registry.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-andamento\">\n<h2>The updated chart: incidence and mortality over time<\/h2>\n<p>The previous chart showed New South Wales, Australia, from 1987 to 2006. The replacement uses a <strong>separate US series<\/strong>: incidence in SEER 8 registries from 1975 to 2023 and nationwide US mortality from 1975 to 2024. Data from another country have not been appended to the old curve.<\/p>\n<p>The chart shows observed age-adjusted rates per 100,000 people, for both sexes and all population groups in the source. The panels use different vertical scales so that mortality remains readable. SEER 8 incidence rises from 8.80 in 1975 to 28.26 in 2023; nationwide mortality is 2.00 in 2024. The dip in recorded diagnoses in 2020 needs to be interpreted in the context of the pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>More diagnoses do not necessarily mean deaths follow the same pattern. The historical SEER 8 series and the SEER 21 table below also cover different sets of registries, so their values are not interchangeable.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"im26-epi-chart\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/melanoma-epidemiology-trends-2026-en.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/melanoma-epidemiology-trends-2026-en.png\" alt=\"Cutaneous melanoma in the United States: SEER 8 incidence, 1975\u20132023, and nationwide mortality, 1975\u20132024.\" width=\"1620\" height=\"1404\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Source: NCI SEER Cancer Stat Facts, accessed 16 October 2026. Select the chart to enlarge it.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<details class=\"im26-epi-data\">\n<summary>View the 50 years of chart data<\/summary>\n<div class=\"im26-epi-table\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Annual chart data\">\n<table>\n<caption>Observed age-adjusted rates per 100,000. A dash denotes unavailable data.<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">SEER 8 incidence<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">US mortality<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1975<\/th>\n<td>8.80<\/td>\n<td>2.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1976<\/th>\n<td>8.83<\/td>\n<td>2.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1977<\/th>\n<td>9.64<\/td>\n<td>2.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1978<\/th>\n<td>9.63<\/td>\n<td>2.31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1979<\/th>\n<td>10.19<\/td>\n<td>2.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1980<\/th>\n<td>11.10<\/td>\n<td>2.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1981<\/th>\n<td>11.69<\/td>\n<td>2.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1982<\/th>\n<td>11.59<\/td>\n<td>2.46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1983<\/th>\n<td>11.90<\/td>\n<td>2.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1984<\/th>\n<td>12.11<\/td>\n<td>2.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1985<\/th>\n<td>13.59<\/td>\n<td>2.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1986<\/th>\n<td>13.64<\/td>\n<td>2.59<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1987<\/th>\n<td>14.43<\/td>\n<td>2.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1988<\/th>\n<td>13.60<\/td>\n<td>2.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1989<\/th>\n<td>14.40<\/td>\n<td>2.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1990<\/th>\n<td>14.47<\/td>\n<td>2.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1991<\/th>\n<td>15.27<\/td>\n<td>2.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1992<\/th>\n<td>15.54<\/td>\n<td>2.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1993<\/th>\n<td>15.29<\/td>\n<td>2.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1994<\/th>\n<td>16.32<\/td>\n<td>2.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1995<\/th>\n<td>17.17<\/td>\n<td>2.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1996<\/th>\n<td>18.04<\/td>\n<td>2.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1997<\/th>\n<td>18.43<\/td>\n<td>2.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1998<\/th>\n<td>18.17<\/td>\n<td>2.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1999<\/th>\n<td>18.69<\/td>\n<td>2.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2000<\/th>\n<td>19.82<\/td>\n<td>2.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2001<\/th>\n<td>20.12<\/td>\n<td>2.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2002<\/th>\n<td>19.63<\/td>\n<td>2.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2003<\/th>\n<td>20.00<\/td>\n<td>2.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2004<\/th>\n<td>21.67<\/td>\n<td>2.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2005<\/th>\n<td>23.56<\/td>\n<td>2.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2006<\/th>\n<td>23.44<\/td>\n<td>2.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2007<\/th>\n<td>23.00<\/td>\n<td>2.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2008<\/th>\n<td>24.41<\/td>\n<td>2.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2009<\/th>\n<td>24.57<\/td>\n<td>2.81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2010<\/th>\n<td>25.52<\/td>\n<td>2.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2011<\/th>\n<td>24.20<\/td>\n<td>2.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2012<\/th>\n<td>24.13<\/td>\n<td>2.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2013<\/th>\n<td>25.53<\/td>\n<td>2.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2014<\/th>\n<td>26.95<\/td>\n<td>2.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2015<\/th>\n<td>27.39<\/td>\n<td>2.44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2016<\/th>\n<td>27.23<\/td>\n<td>2.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2017<\/th>\n<td>27.26<\/td>\n<td>2.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2018<\/th>\n<td>27.01<\/td>\n<td>2.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2019<\/th>\n<td>28.28<\/td>\n<td>2.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2020<\/th>\n<td>24.14<\/td>\n<td>2.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2021<\/th>\n<td>27.94<\/td>\n<td>2.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2022<\/th>\n<td>28.64<\/td>\n<td>1.98<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2023<\/th>\n<td>28.26<\/td>\n<td>1.98<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2024<\/th>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>2.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-popolazioni\">\n<h2>Incidence by sex and population group: 2019\u20132023<\/h2>\n<p>The table replaces the 2001\u20132005 figures with <strong>SEER 21 data for 2019\u20132023<\/strong>. Values are annual new cases per 100,000 people, age-adjusted. The labels follow US demographic reporting: Hispanic denotes ethnic origin, while the other specified groups are non-Hispanic.<\/p>\n<p>This distinction also prevents misleading comparisons with the labels used in the old table. Demographic groups are not biologically uniform categories and do not, by themselves, explain the observed differences. Assessing change within a group requires a series with consistent definitions and coverage, not simply subtracting figures from two tables published in different editions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im26-epi-table\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Incidence by population group\">\n<table>\n<caption>United States \u00b7 SEER 21 \u00b7 2019\u20132023<br \/>Annual new cases per 100,000, age-adjusted<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Source population group<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Males<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Females<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">All Races<\/th>\n<td>28.3<\/td>\n<td>17.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Hispanic<\/th>\n<td>5.0<\/td>\n<td>5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Non-Hispanic American Indian\/Alaska Native<\/th>\n<td>11.3<\/td>\n<td>7.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Non-Hispanic Asian\/Pacific Islander<\/th>\n<td>1.3<\/td>\n<td>1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Non-Hispanic Black<\/th>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<td>0.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Non-Hispanic White<\/th>\n<td>40.7<\/td>\n<td>27.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"im26-epi-note\">Source: NCI SEER Cancer Stat Facts. \u201cAll Races\u201d is the overall figure, not an additional group to add.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-eta\">\n<h2>Age, sex and lesion location<\/h2>\n<p>Melanoma is not only a disease of younger adults. In US SEER 21 data for 2019\u20132023, the median age at diagnosis is <strong>67<\/strong>, and the 65\u201374 age group accounts for the largest share of new cases. This US median should not be presented as the average age in Italy. Melanoma can nevertheless occur earlier in life and remains rare in children.<\/p>\n<p>The same source shows a higher overall incidence rate in males than females: 28.3 versus 17.9 per 100,000. The old page\u2019s general statement of female predominance therefore does not describe every population or age group.<\/p>\n<p>The trunk is a common site in men, while the limbs are often affected in women. These are statistical patterns, not rules for dismissing a lesion. Changes on the skin, scalp, palms, soles or nails still deserve attention regardless of sex.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-geografia\">\n<h2>Geography and skin colour<\/h2>\n<p>Melanoma frequency varies substantially around the world. Australia remains an important setting for studying UV exposure and prevention. Cancer Australia reports 15,034 new diagnoses in 2021 and an age-standardised rate of approximately 60 per 100,000 people. These are Australian national figures, separate from the old regional New South Wales chart.<\/p>\n<p>International comparisons must consider the standard population, registry quality, age composition and how cases are recorded. Two rates both described as \u201cage-standardised\u201d may use different reference populations and may not be directly comparable.<\/p>\n<p>Overall incidence is lower in people with darker skin, but melanoma can still occur. A greater proportion of acral lesions among a population\u2019s melanomas does not necessarily mean a higher absolute risk of that subtype. The US table does not demonstrate that foot injuries cause melanoma. The earlier explanation involving barefoot walking is not presented as an established cause.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-esposizione\">\n<h2>Sun exposure, habits and prevention<\/h2>\n<p>Ultraviolet radiation is an important modifiable risk factor for many cutaneous melanomas. Intense intermittent exposure, sunburn and tanning lamps remain central prevention concerns. However, an incidence chart alone cannot measure how much each behaviour contributed to a trend. Ageing, greater diagnostic attention and changes in registration can also play a part.<\/p>\n<p>The personal observations in the previous page have been reframed as general guidance, without attributing an individual diagnosis to that person\u2019s habits. Seeking shade, avoiding artificial tanning, wearing protective clothing and applying sunscreen correctly are complementary measures.<\/p>\n<p>Preventing sunburn is particularly important for children. Sunscreen is not a reason to prolong exposure. After swimming, sweating or towel drying, it should be reapplied according to the product instructions. There is no universal rule that protection disappears after ten minutes: formulation, quantity, water and behaviour all matter.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-esiti\">\n<h2>Mortality and survival: what has changed<\/h2>\n<p>US age-adjusted mortality has fallen compared with levels seen in the early 2010s. Timely diagnosis remains important, but attributing the improvement solely to dermoscopy would be incomplete. Analyses discussed by the National Cancer Institute also point to a substantial contribution from treatment advances, particularly immunotherapy and targeted therapies for advanced disease.<\/p>\n<p>SEER reports <strong>94.7% five-year relative survival<\/strong> for 2016\u20132022, all stages combined, in SEER 21 registries excluding Illinois. Relative survival compares patients\u2019 survival with that expected in the general population. It is not an individual person\u2019s probability of being cured.<\/p>\n<p>Stage, tumour characteristics, general health and treatment affect the clinical picture. Mortality and survival also have different denominators: mortality concerns the population, while survival concerns people diagnosed with the disease. They should not be treated as equivalent ways of measuring the same outcome.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-section\" id=\"epi-metodo\">\n<h2>How to interpret updates without mixing datasets<\/h2>\n<p>Registries need time to collect, check and consolidate diagnoses. A source accessed in 2026 may therefore contain observed incidence from 2023, mortality from 2024 and projections for later years. The chart on this page uses observed values; the Italian case counts are explicitly identified as estimates.<\/p>\n<p>Lifetime risk is a different measure again. SEER estimates it at approximately 2.2%, based on 2021\u20132023 data. It is not an annual risk and should not be compared directly with the old \u201c1 in 75\u201d figure without knowing the population and calculation method.<\/p>\n<p>Each update should retain the source, period, cancer definition, registry coverage and standardisation method. Statistics help explain patterns and plan prevention. If a concern involves a particular lesion or personal pathology report, medical assessment remains the appropriate point of reference.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"im26-dg-related\">\n<h2>Continue reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/en\/guides\/understanding\/\">Understanding melanoma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/en\/guides\/prevention\/\">Prevention<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilmelanoma.com\/en\/guides\/diagnosis\/\">Diagnosis and warning signs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<section class=\"im26-dg-sources\">\n<h2>Sources and update<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/melan.html\">NCI SEER \u2014 Melanoma of the Skin, Cancer Stat Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aiom.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2025_NDC_web.pdf#page=168\">AIOM \u2014 I numeri del cancro in Italia 2025, p. 154<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canceraustralia.gov.au\/cancer-types\/melanoma-skin\/melanoma-skin-statistics\">Cancer Australia \u2014 Melanoma of the skin statistics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/news-events\/cancer-currents-blog\/2020\/metastatic-melanoma-deaths-drop\">NCI \u2014 US Deaths from Melanoma Drop Substantially<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statistics\/types.html\">NCI SEER \u2014 Defining Cancer Statistics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airc.it\/cancro\/informazioni-tumori\/guida-ai-tumori\/melanoma-cutaneo\">AIRC \u2014 Melanoma cutaneo<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Editorial update and source access: 16 October 2026. Historical data and estimates retain the reference years shown. This information does not replace medical assessment.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How common melanoma is, how incidence and mortality change, and how to interpret Italian and international statistics: updated chart and SEER 2019\u20132023 table.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"parent":4144,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5552","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Melanoma epidemiology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Epidemiology of melanoma: The incidence of melanoma is steadily increasing and higher than any other form of cancer.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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